Tense ( काल )

Tense - ( समय / काल )

Tense (time- समय)

   There are three types of Tense.

   ☝  Present Tense               ✌ Past Tense            ✊  Future Tense 

 Each has four - four part.

    ☝  Present Tense  (  वर्तमान काल )

Present Indefinite

Present Continuous

Present Prefect

Present Perfect Continuous   

   ✌ Past Tense      (  भूतकाल )

Past Indefinite           

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous 

  ✊  Future Tense  (  भविष्य काल )

Future Indefinite

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous   

( Store of Knowledge )

 

Input Device & Output Device

Input Device & Output Device

Input Device & Output Device

What is Input device?

An Input device is any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and control it. The picture shows a Logitech trackball mouse, which is an example of an input device. The most commonly used or primary input devices on a computer are the Keyboard and mouse. However, there are dozens of other devices that can also be used to input data into the computer.

Types of input devices

• Audio conversion device
• Barcoad reader
• Biometric (e.g., fingerprint scanner).
• Business card reader
• Digital Camra and digital camcorder.
• EEG (electroencephalography)
• Finger (with touch screen or Windows touch).
• Gamepad, Joystic, Paddl, streeing wheel, and Microsoft kinect.
• Graphic tablets
• Keyboard
• Light gun
• Light pen
• Magnetic ink (like the ink found on checks).
• Magnetic stripe reader
• Medical imaging devices (e.g., X-Ray, CAT scan, and ultrasound images).
• Microphone (using voice speech recognition or boimetric verification).
• MIDI keyboard
• Mouse, touchpad, or other pointing device.
• Paddle
• Punch card reader
• Remote
• Scanner
• Sensors (e.g., heat and orientation sensors).
• Sonar imaging devices
• Stylus (with touch screen).
• Touch screen
• Webcam
• Yoke

Why does a computer need an input device?

Today, input devices are important because they are what allows you to interact with and add new information to a computer. For example, if a computer had no input devices, it could run by itself but there would be no way to change its settings, fix errors, or other various user interactions. Also, if you wanted to add new information to the computer (e.g., text, command, document, picture, etc.), you wouldn't be able to do so without an input device.

What is Output Device?

An output device is any peripheral that receives data from a computer, usually for display, projection, or physical reproduction. For example, the image shows an inkjet printer, an output device that can make a hard copy of anything shown on the monitor. Monitors and printers are two of the most commonly used output devices used with a computer.

Types of output devices

The following list contains many different examples of output devices. For further information about the output device, select any of the listings with blue text.

• 3D printer
• Braille embosser
• Braille reader
• COM (Computer Output Microfilm)
• Flat-panel
• GPS
• Headphones
• Monitor
• Plotter
• Printer 
• Projector
• Sound card
• Speakers
• TV
• Video card

Why do computers need output devices?

A computer can still work without an output device. However, you'd have no way of determining what the computer is doing. By using an output device, you can view and get the results of input from a computer.

What is the different between an Input device and Output device?

An Input device sends information to a computer system for processing, and an Output device reproduces or displays the results of that processing. Input devices only allow for input of data to a computer and output devices only receive the output of data from another device. Most devices are only input devices or output devices, as they can only accept data input from a user or output data generated by a computer. However, some devices can accept input and display output, and they are referred to as I/O devices (input/output devices). 

For example, as you can see in the top half of the image, a keyboard sends electrical signals, which are received by the computer as input. Those signals are then interpreted by the computer and displayed, or output, on the monitor as text or images. In the lower half of the image, the computer sends, or outputs, data to a printer, which will print the data onto a piece of paper, also considered output.

Software & Hardware

Softwares Images

Software & Hardware

What is software?

Software:- Software is a set of instructions, data or program used to operate computers and execute specific tasks. Opposite of hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a computer, software is a generic term used to refer to applications, scripts and programs that run on a device. Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer and hardware the invariable part.Software is often divided into application software, or user downloaded programs that fulfill a want or need, and system software, which include operating system and any program that supports application software. The term middleware is sometimes used to describe programming that mediates between application and system software or between two different kinds of application software. For example, middleware could be used to send a remote work request from an application in a computer that has one kind of operating system to an application in a computer with a different operating system. An additional category of software is the utility, which is a small, useful program with limited capability. Some utilities come with operating systems. Like applications, utilities tend to be separately installable and capable of being used independently from the rest of the operating system. Similarly, applets are small applications that sometimes come with the operating system as accessories. They can also be created independently using the Java or other programming languages.

How do you get software?
Software can be purchased at a retail computer store or online and come in a box containing all the disks (floppy, CD, DVD, or Blu-ray), manuals, warranty, and other documentation.

How do you use computer software?
Once the software is installed on the computer hard drive, the program can be used anytime by finding the program on the computer. On a Windows computer, a program icon is added to the Start menu or Start screen, depending on your version of Windows.

Hardware

What is Hardware?

Computer hardware is a collective term used to describe any of the physical components of an analog or digital computer. The term hardware distinguishes the tangible aspects of a computing device from software, which consists of written instructions that tell physical components what to do. Computer hardware can be categorized as having either internal or external components. Internal components include items such as the motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), hard drive, optical drive, heat sink, power supply, transistors, chips, graphics processing unit (GPU), network interface card (NIC) and Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports. These components collectively process or store the instructions delivered by the program or operating system (OS). External components, also called peripheral components, are those items that are often connected to the computer in order to control either its input or output. Common input components include a mouse, keyboard, microphone, camera, touchpad, stylus, joystick, scanner, USB flash drive or memory card. Monitors, printers, speakers, headphones and earphones/earbuds are all examples of output computer hardware components. All these hardware devices are designed to either provide instructions to the software or render results from its execution.

Internal hardware components

This computer hardware chart illustrates what typical internal computer hardware components look like.

 

External hardware examples

Below is a list of External hardware or hardware found outside of your computer that may be found with a computer.

• Flat-panel, monitor, and LCD
• Gamepad
• Joystick
• Keyboard
• Microphone
• Mouse
• Printer
• Projector
• Scanner
• Speakers
• USB drive

External hardware components

External hardware components are called peripherals. Peripherals include input devices, such as a mouse or keyboard; output devices, such as a monitor or printer; and external storage devices, such as a hard drive or USB card.

Other common external hardware components include microphones, monitors, speakers, headphones, digital cameras, touchpads, stylus pens, joysticks, scanners and memory cards. All these hardware devices are designed to either provide instructions to the software or render the results from its execution.

Internal hardware examples

CPU

Full form of CPU?

CPU: Central Processing Unit.

What is CPU?

The central processing unit (CPU) or processor, is the unit which performs most of the processing inside a computer. It processes all instructions received by software running on the PC and by other hardware components, and acts as a powerful calculator.

The CPU is placed into a specific square-shaped socket found on all motherboards by inserting its metallic connectors or pins found on the underside. Each socket is built with a specific pin layout to support only a specific type of processor.

Since modern CPU produce a lot of heat and are prone to overheating, they must be kept cool with appropriate fans or ventilation systems, and covered with heat sinks and thermal paste.

To control instructions and data flow to and from other parts of the computer, the CPU relies heavily on a chipset, which is a group of microchips located on the motherboard.

This term is also known as a central processor, microprocessor or chip.

What does the CPU do?

The CPU's main function is to take input from a peripheral (keyboard, mouse, printer, etc) or computer program, and interpret what it needs. The CPU then either outputs information to your monitor or performs the peripheral's requested task.

Components of the CPU

In the CPU, there are two primary components.

1. ALU (arithmetic logic unit) - performs mathematical, logical, and decision operations.
2. CU(control unit) - Directs all the processors operations.

What is ALU?

An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic operations. It represents the fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. Modern CPUs contain very powerful and complex ALUs. In addition to ALUs, modern CPUs contain a control unit (CU).

Most of the operations of a CPU are performed by one or more ALUs, which load data from input registers. A register is a small amount of storage available as part of a CPU. The control unit tells the ALU what operation to perform on that data and the ALU stores the result in an output register. The control unit moves the data between these registers, the ALU, and memory.

What is CU?john von neumann architecture

The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic and logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to the instructions that have been sent to the processor.

It directs the operation of the other units by providing timing and control signals. Most computer resources are managed by the CU. It directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices. John von Neumann included the control unit as part of the von neumann architecture In modern computer designs, the control unit is typically an internal part of the CPU with its overall role and operation unchanged since its introduction.

There are Two Processor in CPU

INTEL PROCESSOR

AMD PROCESSOR

Computer

Computer

Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information. The term computer is derived from the Latin term ‘computes’, this means to calculate or programmable machine. Computer can not do anything without a Program. It represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits. The Word 'Computer' usually refers to the Center Processor Unit plus Internal memory.

Father of Computer 

Charles Babbage is called the "Grand Father" of the computer. The First mechanical computer designed by Charles Babbage was called Analytical Engine. It uses read-only memory in the form of punch cards.

Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.

Type of Computer 

The four basic types of computers are as under:

• 1​Supercomputer.
• 2​Mainframe computer.
• 3​Minicomputer.
• 4​Microcomputer.

Supercomputer 

The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized application that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphic, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.

The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently

Mainframe computer

Mainframe Computer is a powerful computer having multiple user interfaces. Primarily ‘mainframe’ referred to the large cabinets which housed the Central Processing Unit and the main memory. Mainframes can run uninterrupted for tens of years. The term RAS (reliability, availability, serviceability) is a very important characteristic of mainframe computer since it used for application where the thing has to be done with zero downtime. It is used for millions of smaller and simpler calculations and transactions, unlike supercomputers

                                                    Minicomputer

A minicomputer is a type of computer that possesses most of the features and capabilities of a large computer but is smaller in physical size.A minicomputer fills the space between the mainframe and microcomputer, and is smaller than the former but larger than the latter. Minicomputers are mainly used as small or mid-range servers operating business and scientific applications. However, the use of the term minicomputer has diminished and has merged with servers.A minicomputer may also be called a mid-range computer.

Microcomputer

 An electronic device with a microprocessor as its central processing  (CPU). Microcomputer was formerly a commonly used term for personal computer, particularly any of a class of small digital computers, whose CPU is contained on a single integrated  semiconductor chip. Thus, a microcomputer uses a single microprocessor for its CPU, which performs all logic and arithmetic operations. The system also contains a number of associated semiconductor chips that serve as the main memory for storing program instructions and data and as interfaces for exchanging data of this sort with periphelar equipment—namely, input/output devices (e.g., keyboard, video display, and printer) and auxiliary storage units. Smaller microcomputers first marketed in the 1970s contain a single chip on which all CPU, memory, and interface circuits are integrated.

Monitor

मॉनिटर ( Monitor )

मॉनिटर:- मॉनिटर एक आउटपुट डिवाइस है | इसको विजुअल डिस्प्ले भी कहा जाता हैं | यह देखने में टी वी होता है | Monitor एक सबसे महत्वपूर्ण आउटपुट डिवाइस है | इसके बिना कंप्यूटर अधूरा होता है | यह आउटपुट को आपनी स्क्रीन पर सॉफ्ट कॉपी के रूप में प्रदर्शित करता हैं | मॉनिटर द्वारा प्रदर्शित रंगों के आधार पर यह तीन प्रकार के होते हैं | 

मॉनिटर के प्रकार ( Types of Monitor )

• CRT Monitor
• Flat Panel Monitor
• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• LED ( Light Emitting Diode)

CRT Monitor

CRT Monitor सबसे ज्यादा Use होने वाला Output Device हैं जिसे VDU (Visual display Unit) भी कहते हैं इसका Main Part cathode Ray tube होती हैं जिसे Generally Picture tube कहते हैं अधिकतर मॉनीटर में पिक्चर ट्यूब एलीमेंट होता है जो टी.वी. सेट के समान होता है यह ट्यूब सी.आर.टी. कहलाती है सी.आर.टी. तकनीक सस्ती और उत्तम कलर में आउटपुट प्रदान करती है CRT में Electron gun होता है जो की electrons की beam  और cathode rays को उत्सर्जित करती है ये Electron beam, Electronic grid से पास की जाती है ताकि electron की Speed को कम किया जा सके CRT Monitor की Screen पर फास्फोरस की Coding की जाती है इसलिए जैसे ही electronic beam Screen से टकराती है तो Pixel चमकने लगते हैं और Screen पर Image या Layout दिखाई देता हैं

Flate Panel Monitor

CRT तकनीक के स्थान पर यह तकनीक विकसित की गयी जिसमे कैमीकल व गैसों को एक प्लेट में रखकर उसका प्रयोग Display में किया जाता है यह बहुत पतली स्क्रीन (Screen) होती है| flat Panel वजन में हल्की तथा बिजली की खपत कम करने वाली होती है इसमें द्रवीय क्रिस्टल डिस्प्ले (Liquid Crystal Display-LCD) तकनीक प्रयोग की जाती है LCD में CRT तकनीक की अपेक्षा कम स्पष्टता होती है इनका Use Laptop आदि में किया जाता हैं

LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display )

CRT Monitor बिलकुल टेलीविजन की तरह हुआ करते थे  Technology के विकास के साथ Monitor ने भी अपने रूप बदले और आज CRT Monitor के बदले LCD Monitor प्रचलन में आ गए है यह Monitor बहुत ही आकर्षित होते हैं Liquid Crystal Display को LCD के नाम से भी जाना जाता हैं यह Digital Technology हैं जो एक Flat सतह पर तरल क्रिस्टल के माध्यम से आकृति बनाता हैं यह कम जगह लेता है यह कम ऊर्जा लेता है तथा पारंपरिक Cathode ray tube Monitor की अपेक्षाकृत कम गर्मी पैदा करता हैं  यह Display सबसे पहले Laptop में Use होता था परन्तु अब यह स्क्रीन Desktop Computer के लिए भी प्रयोग हो रहा हैं |

LED ( Light Emitting Dioade )

LED मॉनीटर आज बाजार में मॉनीटर के नवीनतम प्रकार हैं। ये फ्लैट पैनल हैं, या थोड़ा घुमावदार डिस्प्ले जो बैक- लाइटिंग के लिए कोल्‍ड कैथोड फ्लोरोसेंट की बजाय बैक-लाइटिंग के लिए light-emitting diodes का उपयोग करते हैं। एलईडी मॉनीटर, सीआरटी और एलसीडी की तुलना में बहुत कम बिजली का उपयोग करते है और उन्हें पर्यावरण के अनुकूल माना जाता है।